Fig. 1 Scan speed of this single-layer experiment. The intensity bar indicates the scales of the scan speed from 0 to 900 mm/s. More about this image found in Scan speed of this single-layer experiment. The intensity bar indicates the...

Fig. 2 Examples of melt pool cases. The left image shows a normal case of melt pools. The four melt pools on the right are anomaly cases: ( a ) small size but regular shape, ( b ) large size and irregular shape with spatters and plumes, ( c ) large size with plumes, and ( d ) normal size but irreg... More about this image found in Examples of melt pool cases. The left image shows a normal case of melt poo...

Fig. 3 Histogram plots of four labels More about this image found in Histogram plots of four labels

Fig. 4 An illustration of the proposed self-supervised approach for the multilabel classification of melt pool anomalies, including ( a ) pretraining and ( b ) fine-tuning. Blue and gray boxes indicate unmasked and masked embeddings, respectively; in grayscale, these are distinguished by hatch and... More about this image found in An illustration of the proposed self-supervised approach for the multilabel...

Fig. 5 The structure of the transformer block [ 17 ] More about this image found in The structure of the transformer block [ 17 ]

Fig. 6 Examples of the original and transformed MPM images More about this image found in Examples of the original and transformed MPM images

Fig. 7 Confusion matrices for the classification results of the SiT model More about this image found in Confusion matrices for the classification results of the SiT model

Fig. 8 Examples of misclassification results for each case: ( a ) size, ( b ) shape, ( c ) plume, and ( d ) spatter. T and P on the left images indicate “true” and “predicted,” respectively. More about this image found in Examples of misclassification results for each case: ( a ) size, ( b ) shap...

Fig. 1 Flowchart of the proposed conflict detection and resolution scheme More about this image found in Flowchart of the proposed conflict detection and resolution scheme

Fig. 2 Illustrations of geometric constraints listed in Table 1 More about this image found in Illustrations of geometric constraints listed in Table 1

Fig. 3 2D constraint systems with singular Jacobians in which all three points are aligned horizontally/vertically More about this image found in 2D constraint systems with singular Jacobians in which all three points are...