The effect of coated rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) and a disazopyrazolone dye (azo dye) on the mechanism and the kinetic of photo-oxidation of unvulcanized styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites under accelerated UV-visible irradiation (λ > 290 nm at 35 °C) has been investigated using several techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and gel fraction measurements. Different photo-products resulting from the photo-ageing such as alcohol, ketone, or acids as well as cross-linked network were identified. The incorporation of TiO2 rutile and an azo dye into the matrix did not modify the mechanism of photo-oxidation. However, they have a significant effect on the kinetic of photoproducts accumulation. Both fillers protect the matrix from photo-oxidation. TiO2 rutile, thanks to its inorganic coating at the surface, dissipates part of the UV-visible radiation received by the polymer. The activity mechanism of azo dye consisting of a combination of its function as an antioxidant and light absorber, presents a better stabilizing effect compared with TiO2 rutile.
Issue Section:
Bridging Microstructure, Properties, and Processing of Polymer-Based Advanced Materials
References
1.
Marzocca
, A. J.
, Rodriguez
, A. L.
, Sorichetti
, P.
, and Mosca
, H. O.
, 2010, “Characterization Of Photodegradation of Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene: Chronology of Crosslinking and Chain-Scission
,” Polym. Test.
, 29
(4
), pp. 477
–482
.2.
Piton
, M.
, and Rivaton
, A.
, 1996, “Photooxidation of Polybutadiene at Long Wavelengths (λ > 300 nm)
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 53
(3
), pp. 343
–359
.3.
Bussière
, P. O.
, Gardette
, J. L.
, Lacoste
, J.
, and Baba
, M.
, 2005, “Characterization of Photodegradation of Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene: Chronology of Crosslinking and Chain-Scission
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 88
(2
), pp. 182
–188
.4.
Delor-Jestin
, F.
, Lacoste
, J.
, Barrois-Oudin
, N.
, Cardinet
, C.
, and Lemaire
, J.
, 2000, “Photo-, Thermal and Natural Ageing of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer (EPDM) Rubber Used in Automotive Applications. Influence of Carbon Black, Crosslinking and Stabilizing Agents
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 67
(3
), pp. 469
–477
.5.
Commereuc
, S.
, and Verney
, V.
, 2002, “New Insights into Crosslinking of Elastomers Through Photo-Oxidation
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 78
(3
), pp. 561
–569
.6.
Li
, G. Y.
, and Koenig
, J. L.
, 2005, “A Review of Rubber Oxidation
,” Rubber Chem. Technol.
, 78
(3
), pp. 355
–390
.7.
Gardette
, J. L.
, Baba
, M.
, Mailhot
, B.
, Morlat-Thérias
, S.
, and Rivaton
, A.
, 2008, “Photodégradation des Matériaux Polymères
,” L’Actualité Chimique
, n°317, pp. 25
–30
.8.
Feldman
, D.
, 2002, “Polymer Weathering: Photo-Oxidation
,” J. Polym. Environ.
, 10
(4
), pp. 163
–173
.9.
Luengo
, C.
, Allen
, N.
, Edge
, M.
, Wilkinson
, A.
, Dolores
, M.
, and Ruiz Santa
, V.
, 2006, “Photo-Oxidative Degradation Mechanisms in Styrene–Ethylene–Butadiene–Styrene (SEBS) Triblock Copolymer
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 91
(4
), pp. 947
–956
.10.
Bousquet
, J. A.
, Fouassier
, J. P.
, 1987, “Photo-oxidation of a Random Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer: Role of Hydroperoxides and Behaviour of Butenyl Segments
,” Eur. Polym. J., 23
(5
), pp. 367
–376
.11.
Adam
, C.
, Lacoste
, J.
, and Lemaire
, J.
, 1989, “Photo-Oxidation of Elastomeric Materials. Part 1-Photo-Oxidation of Polybutadienes
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 24
(3
), pp. 185
–200
.12.
Adam
, C.
, Lacoste
, J.
, and Lemaire
, J.
, 1990, “Photo-Oxidation Of Elastomeric Materials: Part IV-Photo-Oxidation of 1,2-Polybutadiene
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 29
(3
), pp. 305
–320
.13.
Paoli
, M. A.
, 1983, “The Chemical Effects of Photo-Oxidation on Butadiene Rubber
,” Eur. Polym. J.
, 19
(9
), pp. 761
–768
.14.
Beavan
, S. W.
, and Phillips
, D.
, 1973, “Mechanistic Studies on the Photo-Oxidation of Commercial poly(butadiene)
,” Eur. Polym. J.
, 10
(7
), pp. 593
–603
.15.
Adam
, C.
, Lacoste
, J.
, and Lemaire
, J.
, 1989, “Photo-Oxidation of Elastomeric Materials: Part II-Photo-Oxidation of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 26
(3
), pp. 269
–284
.16.
Boutamdja
, M.
, 2006, “Synthesis and Characterization of UV Absorber: 2-Hydroxy-4′-Vinyl Benzophenone
,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Hadj Lakhdar de Batna, Batna, Algeria.17.
Bottino
, F. A.
, Cinquegrani
, A.
, Di Pascale
, G.
, Leonardi
, L.
, and Pollicino
, A.
, 2004, “Chemical Modifications, Mechanical Properties and Surface Photo-Oxidation of Films of Polystyrene (PS)
,” Polym. Test.
, 23
(4
), pp. 405
–411
.18.
Guzzo
, M.
, and De Paoli
, M.
, 1992, “The Photo-Oxidation of EPDM Rubber: Part V-Mechanical Properties Degradation of Vulcanized Filled Samples
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 38
(1
), pp. 41
–45
.19.
Coran
, A. Y.
, 2003, “Chemistry of the Vulcanization and Protection of Elastomers: A Review of the Achievements
,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, 87
(1
), pp. 24
–30
.20.
Saron
, C.
, Zulli
, F.
, Giordano
, M.
, and Felisberti
, M.
, 2006, “Influence of Copper-Phthalocyanine on The Photodegradation of Polycarbonate
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 91
(12
), pp. 3301
–3311
.21.
Klemchuk
, P.
, 1983, “Influence of Pigments on The Light Stability of Polymers: A Critical Review
,” Polym. Photochem.
, 3
(1
), pp. 1
–27
.22.
Allen
, N.
, 1994, “Photofading And Light Stability of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 44
(3
), pp. 357
–374
.23.
Delor
, F.
, Lacoste
, J.
, Lemaire
, J.
, Barrois-oudin
, N.
, and Cardinet
, C.
, 1996, “Photo- and Thermal Ageing of Polychloroprene: Effect of Carbon Black and Crosslinking
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 53
(3
), pp. 361
–369
.24.
Mostafa
, A.
, Abouel-Kasem
, A.
, Bayoumi
, M. R.
, and El-Sebaie
, M. G.
, 2009,“The Influence of CB Loading on Thermal Aging Resistance of SBR and NBR Rubber Compounds Under Different Aging Temperature
,” Mater. Des.
, 30
(3
), pp. 791
–795
.25.
Arantes
, T.
, Leao
, K.
, and Camargo
, E. R.
, 2009, “NMR Study of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Tio2 Nanocomposites
,” Polym. Test.
, 28
(5
), pp. 490
–494
.26.
Allen
, N. S.
, Bullen
, D. J.
, and McKellar
, J. F.
, 1977, “Photo-Oxidation of Commercial Polyethylene Containing Titanium Dioxide (rutile)/Antioxidant Systems
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 12
(7
), pp. 1320
–1324
.27.
Allen
, N.
, Edge
, M.
, Corrales
, T.
, and Catalina
, F.
, 1998, “Stabiliser Interactions in the Thermal and Photooxidation of Titanium Dioxide Pigmented Polypropylene films
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 61
(1
), pp. 139
–149
.28.
Zeynalov
, E. B.
, and Allen
, N.S.
, 2004, “An Influence of Micron and Nano-Particle Titanium Dioxides on the Efficiency of Antioxidant Irganox 1010 in a Model Oxidative Reaction
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 86
(1
), pp. 115
–120
.29.
Delor-Jestin
, F.
, Barrois-Oudin
, N.
, Cardinet
, C.
, Lacoste
, J.
, and Lemaire
, J.
, 2000, “Thermal Ageing of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 70
(1
), pp. 1
–4
.30.
Silva
, V. P.
, Paschoalino
, M. P.
, Gonçalves
, M. C.
, Felisberti
, M. I.
, Jardim
, W.F.
, and Yoshida
, I. V. P.
, 2009, “Silicone Rubbers Filled With Tio2: Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
, 113
(1
), pp. 395
–400
.31.
Jubete
, E.
, Liauw
, C. M.
, Jacobson
, K.
, and Allen
, N. S.
, 2007, “Degradation Of Carboxylated Styrene Butadiene Rubber Based Water Born Paints. Part 1: Effect of Talc Filler and Titania Pigment on UV Stability
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 92
(8
), pp. 1611
–1621
.32.
Stevenson
, I.
, David
, L.
, Gauthier
, C.
, Arambourg
, L.
, Davenas
, J.
, and Vigier
, G.
, 2001, “Influence of Sio2 Fillers on the Irradiation Ageing of Silicone Rubbers
,” Polym.
42
(22
), pp. 9287
–9292
.33.
Saron
, C.
, Zulli
, F.
, Giordano
, M.
, and Felisberti
, M.
, 2006, “Influence of Copper-Phthalocyanine on the Photodegradation of Polycarbonate
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 91
(12
), pp. 3301
–3311
.34.
Efremkin
, A. F.
, and Ivanov
, V B.
, , 1984, “Light Protective Action of Azo Compounds in Polydienes
,” Polym. Photochem.
, 4
(3
), pp. 179
–205
.35.
Ivanov
, V. B.
, Efremkin
, A. F.
, Arinich
, L. V.
, Gorelik
, M. V.
, Shlyapintokh
, V. Ya.
, 1982, “Structure of Azo Compounds and Effectiveness of Their Light-Screening Effect in Elastomers
,” Russ. Chem. Bull.
, 31
(9
), pp. 2019
–2023
.36.
Sabaa
, M. A.
, Oraby
, E. H.
, Abdel Naby
, A. S.
, and Mohamed
, R. R.
, 2006, “N-Phenyl-3-Substituted 5 Pyrazolone Derivatives as Organic Stabilizers for Rigid Poly(vinyl chloride) Against Photodegradation
,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, 101
(3
), pp. 1543
–1555
.37.
Sabaa
, M. A.
, Oraby
, E. H.
, Abdel Naby
, A. S.
, and Mohamed
, R. R.
, 2006, “Organic Thermal Stabilizers For Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Part XII: N-Phenyl-3-Substituted-5-Pyrazolone Derivatives
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 91
(4
), pp. 911
–923
.38.
Khoylou
, F.
, and Hassanpour
, S.
, 2005, “The Effect of Environmental Conditions on Electron Beam Cross-linked Agricultural Polyethylene Films
,” Iran. Polym. J.
, 14
(10
), pp. 875
–879
.39.
Schnabel
, W.
, Levchik
, G. F.
, Wilkie
, C. A.
, Jiang
, D. D.
, and Levchik
, S. V.
, 1999, “Thermal Degradation of Polystyrene, Poly(1,4-butadiene) and Copolymers of Styrene and 1,4-Butadiene Irradiated Under Air or Argon With 60Co-γ-rays
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 63
(3
), pp. 365
–375
.40.
Zweifel
, H.
, Maier
, R. D.
, and Schiller
, M.
, 2009, Plastics Additives Handbook
, Hanser Verlag
, Munich
.41.
Li
, G. Y.
, and Koening
, J. L.
, 2003, “FTIR Imaging of Oxidation of Polyisoprene 2. The Role of N-Phenyl-N′-Dimethyl-Butyl-p-Phenylenediamine antioxidant
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
81
(3
), pp. 377
–385
.Copyright © 2012
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
