Friction Reduction in Metal on Metal Hip Joint

In the world, approximately 800,000 total hip replacements are implanted, while, at least 50,000 hip replacements are performed in the United Kingdom each year. Orthopaedic surgeons have traditionally delayed joint replacement surgery in patients younger than 60 due to its limited survivorship time and biological effect inside the human body. The highest percentage (71%) hip joint failure was caused by aseptic loosening of the femoral and acetabular components and the war rate and debris are the accepted causes of that aseptic loosening. The wear particles, either ion or stable form, can react with proteins and change the pH value of albumin solutions inside the human body, causing damage to the DNA resulting in genotoxicity. There has been a great deal of research into the materials, dimension of the prosthesis, surface roughness, and lubrication effect by surface coating. But it is very rare to apply surface texture technique to a metallic prosthesis bearing surface although it has proven very successful in many engineering applications including automobile industry due to secondary lubrication effect and hydrodynamic effect. A TE 77 high frequency friction simulator has been used for the experiment where specimens were manufactured with 50 mm diameters and $50μm$ clearance. A dynamic loading was applied synchronized with Hip CD 98 while the temperature was controlled at $37°C$⁠. The output data including friction coefficient, friction force and contact pot were recorded in connected computer via COMPEND 2000 software. The surfaces were inspected after and before test under scanning electronic microscopy. The plateau honed surfaces were produced on the moving specimens with controlled load, speed and various grade of emery paper using a specially designed tool. The friction coefficient was recorded 0.035 for the honing surface which was made by 30 kg laod and 60 emery paper, 0.04 for the honing surface profile made by 30 kg load and 150 emery paper and 0.06 for plane surface after one million cycles. The rest of surfaces profiled surface were broken down before one million cycles. That made a conclusion that plateau honing surface made with 30 kg load and 60 emery paper was best surface texture profile (⁠$45°$ honed angle, $40±10μm$ width and $35±10μm$ depth honing) for the metal on metal hip prosthesis. The comparison experiment was continue for plane surface and plateau honing surface of 60 emery paper and 30 kg load up to one and half millions cycles. It was found that the friction coefficient (0.03) was further reduced 0.005 after one and half million cycles for plateau honing surface but it was increased nearly double (0.065) for plane surface. The static friction coefficient was also reduced 38% in case of that plateau honing surface. The contact pot profile which is an indicator of fluid film thickness was noticed higher in plateau honing surface. This was evidence that the lubrication distribution was better in plateau honed surface which should provide longer life of joint, reduce wear and improves acceptability of metal on metal hip joints.