Fig. 1 Scheme of the MC axisymmetric model domain of the solar receiver. Geometric dimensions are listed in Table 1 . More about this image found in Scheme of the MC axisymmetric model domain of the solar receiver. Geometric...

Fig. 2 Algorithm of the MC model More about this image found in Algorithm of the MC model

Fig. 3 Scheme of the CFD model domain. The boundary conditions are indicated. More about this image found in Scheme of the CFD model domain. The boundary conditions are indicated.

Fig. 4 Flowchart of iterative coupling of the MC and CFD models More about this image found in Flowchart of iterative coupling of the MC and CFD models

Fig. 5 Left: Solar receiver schematic showing positions of thermocouples in experiments relevant for comparison with the model. Right: Comparison of experimentally measured and numerically modeled values of T air , out , T 1 , and T 2 as a function of the air mass flowrate for... More about this image found in Left: Solar receiver schematic showing positions of thermocouples in experi...

Fig. 6 Field contour plots for the 2D-axisymmetric domain: ( a ) air velocity and streamlines, ( b ) relative pressure, ( c ) RPC temperature, and ( d ) air temperature. Simulation case: SiSiC 10 PPI, C = 2475 suns ( P solar = 3.1 kW), and m ˙ air = 7.40 kg / h . More about this image found in Field contour plots for the 2D-axisymmetric domain: ( a ) air velocity and ...

Fig. 7 ( a ) Schematic representation of the receiver energy balance components and ( b ) components as a percentage of P solar (left axis) and mean T air , out (right axis) at m ˙ air = 4.85, 7.40, and 9.31 kg/h. The curve enclosing the P air... More about this image found in ( a ) Schematic representation of the receiver energy balance components an...

Fig. 8 ( a ) Geometric parameters of the cavity, ( b ) receiver efficiency and re-radiation losses as a function of L / R for different R / r , and ( c ) cavity effective absorptance as a function of L / R for different R / r . Each simulation case is SiSiC 10 PPI, P... More about this image found in ( a ) Geometric parameters of the cavity, ( b ) receiver efficiency and re-...

Fig. 9 Influence of varying P solar from 5 to 5000 kW: heat balance partition as a percentage of P solar ( left axis ) and mean cavity temperature T cav , mean (right axis) as a function of P solar at C = 2000 suns and mean ... More about this image found in Influence of varying P solar from 5 to 5000 kW: heat balance p...

Fig. 10 ( a ) Simulated solar flux density distribution at the receiver plane of the THEMIS solar tower, recreated from Ref. [ 20 ], and ( b ) mean concentration ratio C and integrated power P solar over a circle of radius r at the center of the flux distribution More about this image found in ( a ) Simulated solar flux density distribution at the receiver plane of th...

Fig. 11 Influence of varying the aperture radius r over the solar flux density distribution at the receiver plane of the THEMIS solar tower to deliver mean T air,out = 1350 ℃: heat balance components as a percentage of P solar , tot (=5.3 MW) on left axis and C on right axi... More about this image found in Influence of varying the aperture radius r over the solar flux density di...

Fig. 1 A heliostat reflection image taken from Sandia National Laboratories' National Solar Thermal Test Facility More about this image found in A heliostat reflection image taken from Sandia National Laboratories' Natio...

Fig. 2 The steps of the NIO method. ( a ) Collect images of the reflected tower scanning the heliostat surface using a UAS, ( b ) Calculate the camera position and detect heliostat and tower reflection features for each frame, and ( c ) Create a 3D model containing the known camera and estimate to... More about this image found in The steps of the NIO method. ( a ) Collect images of the reflected tower sc...

Fig. 3 Illustration of the collinearity relationship between the camera position coordinates, 3D world points in the camera FOV and the corresponding points on the camera sensor More about this image found in Illustration of the collinearity relationship between the camera position c...

Fig. 4 Shows the 3D world points grid as a flat heliostat, the camera position, and the ideal sensor space where the pixels lie. f C denotes the focal length of the camera. The line connecting the point on the 3D grid to the sensor denotes the mapping of a 3D world point to the ideal sens... More about this image found in Shows the 3D world points grid as a flat heliostat, the camera position, an...